Heat Loss Through Insulation

Steady-state heat loss from insulated cylindrical (pipe) and flat (vessel / tank wall) surfaces with iterative outer-surface temperature. Combines forced convection, natural convection, and linearized radiation per ASTM C680. Personnel-protection flag uses 140°F (ASTM C1055).

CSV Input

References: ASTM C680 (computer program method), ASTM C1055 (surface burn criteria), Crane TP-410, Perry's Chemical Engineers' Handbook Ch. 11, CINI Manual. Outer h = max(forced, natural) + linearized radiation. Iterative convergence tolerance 0.5 °F on surface temperature.

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